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Abstract Adenosine plays a role in the control of water andelectrolyte reabsorption in the distal tubule. As the distal convoluted tubule is important in the regulation of renal Mg21 balance, we determined the effects of adenosine on cellular Mg21 uptake in this segment. The effect of adenosine was studied on immortalized mouse distal convoluted tubule (MDCT) cells, a model of the intact distal convoluted tubule. The rate of Mg21 uptake was measured with fluorescence techniques using mag-fura 2. To assess Mg21 uptake, MDCT cells were first Mg21 depleted to 0.22 6 0.01 mM by being cultured in Mg21-free media for 16 h and then placed in 1.5 mM MgCl2; next, changes in intracellular Mg21 concentration ([Mg21]i) were determined. [Mg21]i returned to basal levels, 0.53 6 0.02 mM, with a mean refill rate, d([Mg21]i)/dt, of 137 6 16 nM/s. Adenosine stimulates basal Mg21 uptake by 41 6 10%. The selective A1 purinoceptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) increased intracellular Ca21 and decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated cAMP formation and PTH-mediated Mg21 uptake. On the other hand, the selective A2 receptor agonist 2-[p-(2-carbonyl-ethyl)-phenylethylamino]-59-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS) stimulated Mg21 entry in a concentration- dependent fashion. CGS increased cAMP formation and the protein kinase A inhibitor RpcAMPS inhibited CGS-stimulated Mg21 uptake. Selective inhibition of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, or mitogen-activated protein kinase enzyme cascades with U-73122, Ro-31-8220, and PD- 98059, respectively, diminished A2 agonist-mediated Mg21 entry. Aldosterone potentiated CGS-mediated Mg21 entry, and elevation of extracellular Ca21 diminished CGS-responsive cAMP formation and Mg21 uptake. Accordingly, MDCT cells possess both A1 and A2 purinoceptor subtypes with intracellular signaling typical of these respective receptors. We conclude that adenosine has dual effects on Mg21 uptake in MDCT cells through separate A1 and A2 purinoceptor pathways.